There has been an increasing trend of documentation of evidence indicating a significant

relationship between racial discrimination and other community-based problems. Racial discrimination refers to the policies, actions, and motives individuals develop to deny others opportunities because of ethnic and racial origin disparities or skin color (Quillian et al.). This paper attempts to critically analyze the influence of racial discrimination in leading to adverse health outcomes, discrimination in housing and mortgage facilities, and trauma-related psychological problems.

The above review indicates that exposure to racial discrimination in childhood and adolescence results in future adverse effects on health issues. A critical reflection on these findings is based on the impact of structural segregation on the livelihood of these young individuals who fail to develop accordingly. Racism establishes community isolation of concentrated poverty-ridden families characterized by poor physical and social conditions leading to an increased potential for health hazards like acute and chronic stressors and limited access to resources that promote good health, like insurance and charity funding.

Racial discrimination can lead to adverse health outcomes. Cave et al. reviewed the available evidence for a longitudinal correlation between racial discrimination of young and

resultant mental and physical health issues. The evaluation results showed a significant relationship between adverse health effects on young individuals aged 11 – 18 years who have been exposed to racial discrimination. About 74% of the empirical data showed negative behavioral health impacts of racial discrimination, such as the likelihood of undertaking risky actions and delinquency (Cave et al.). Another 63% reported a statistical relationship with the exposure to dangerous health issues such as drug abuse, whereas 61% of the cases showed racial discrimination against children and adolescents leads to mental health problems (Cave et al.). Additionally, accumulated racial abuse proved consistent in resultant health issues, and some studies showed that the victims felt the intensity of adverse effects variably based on the development stages. Therefore, the timing and duration of subjection to racial abuse significantly influence the adversity of the health outcomes.

My reflection on the impact of racial trauma and resultant psychological consequences is that society and the governments need to emphasize programs that will identify the victims and assist them in healing. The world will be a better place if every individual takes the responsibility to recognize individuals suffering psychological trauma because of racial abuse. Assisting these individuals will rejuvenate personal consciousness on how the society should approach issues that promote community progress, either socially, economically, or politically. As illustrated above, racial discrimination can lead to adverse health outcomes, interfere with the allocation of housing and mortgage facilities, and cause trauma-related psychological problems. Society has to collectively change its motives, actions, and policies to promote fairness regardless of ethnic or racial background.

In the United States, there has been increased documentation of evidence regarding the inhuman social problem of racial discrimination. The studies indicate that racial abuse has a universal impact in denying various populations access to essential community needs such as education and housing. Quantitative reviews suggest reported trends of ethnic and racial segregation of housing and mortgage facilities in the U.S. (Quillian et al.). This review’s findings coincide with previous evidence indicating a declining trend in racial discrimination compared to the 1970s’ data. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Non-Housing and Urban Development have recently published evidence indicating a decline in racial discrimination in the housing program. Based on racial perspectives, the studies have reflected more indirect discrimination against housing availability than figures for housing facilities inspected and recommended. On the other hand, there is just a slight decline in discrimination rates for mortgage lending, but society has failed to reduce the racial gap in mortgage services. Critical evaluation of the findings of the above review shows that racial discrimination in housing and mortgage facilities still significantly affects U.S. society. The concerned authorities need to add more effort to bring the curve downwards so that individuals can access these basic needs with utmost equity and fairness. One of the best approaches to this dilemma is creating awareness about loving one another and that human beings are equal in the eyes of the beholder regardless of race or ethnic identity. Despite a decline in mortgage discrimination, the government has to put policies and regulations regarding the issuance of mortgage facilities. The policies should side more with the disadvantaged ethnic and racial communities than the already favored ones to help reduce the gap.

Kirkinis et al. reviewed empirical studies to further their knowledge of the associations between racial abuse and psychological disturbances. They logically determined the relationship between trauma cases and racial discrimination. Half of the reviewed studies had been published within the last decade. Thus, the research findings reflect the actual trend of the impact of racial discrimination on psychological outcomes among the victims in the current society. The majority of the studies focused on individuals older than 18 years among the dominantly racially discriminated populations in the U.S., including Black Americans, Asians, and Latin Americans. The studies identified that about 70% of trauma-related experiences among these populations arise from racial discrimination. These findings reflected more among veteran individuals than non-veteran students. The research recommended intensified facilitations of programs to analyze race-related problems, which significantly lead to trauma and eventually psychological disorders.

Scenarios occur in the sense that an individual is treated harshly simply because their skin, racial origin, or color is perceived as unwanted in a given locality. Freedom of association and the right to carry out everyday activities may be curtailed, and such groups of individuals may be excluded from other members of that society. In some cases, resource allocation may also be denied. Authorities also practice racial segregation, especially in defector states, for instance, by applying racial segregation laws inconsistently (Caye et al. 2020). Efforts are being made to do away with racial segregation entirely all the nation; despite this, there still exist inhumane cases around the globe that have shown how inhuman individuals can be, all in racial segregation, as discussed below.

The world will never be a better place if we as humans will draw lines based on skin color, religion, and other primitive social privileges that some people are deemed to have. Everyone

needs to complement each other even though we may differ in many things. Instead, cohesion and integration should take center stage and reshape the world based on racial segregation. Different instances have clearly shown that blacks have been deemed an inferior race compared to whites, hence propagating the narrative that being white is a privilege. The prejudices of police culture and outmoded judicial decisions significantly impact the criminal justice systems (Quillian et al., 2020). Racial inequities openly block and undermine blacks, and some end up being sentenced not for committing offenses but rather because of their race.

In both the North and the South, increased incarceration rates of black people have influenced ongoing policy discussions over racial inequalities. Devonia was apprehended in September 1998 for armed robbery and killing of a manager in Adel, Georgia, in a death row hearing in 2001. There was no tangible proof directly connecting him to the murder. Three out of the four primary eyewitnesses against Devonia alleged after the conviction that they falsified the witness list due to police intimidation and coercion (Caye et al. 2020). The fourth eyewitness, a newspaper delivery woman, was paid $5,000 for supposed eyewitness evidence and subsequently hired by another newspaper delivery woman. The ruling was biased because it was a black man facing the charges. In making such a ruling, the justice system needs to dwell on how everyone will get justice, including those who have lost their beloved ones. Jailing the wrong person will not only deny justice to blacks but also to those who have lost their beloved ones.

Clifford Williams and his nephew Nathan Myers were imprisoned for 43 years for a crime that they did not do. As per the Florida Phoenix, the uncle and nephew were found guilty in 1976 of gunning down a woman called Janette Williams in her apartment, who was not connected to either of the males. The sentences of Williams and Myers were proven to be based

on the testimony of one witness: the victim’s companion. In addition, there was no forensic evidence backing up the witness’ claims. Nathaniel Lawson, a guy, eventually admitted to killing Williams over a narcotics argument. According to the investigation, the gunshots that murdered Williams originated outside her window, not inside her house. People with black skin are more likely than individuals of other races to be wrongfully tried and convicted (Kirkinis et al., 2020). To make it worse, the estimated time it took for a white prisoner convicted of the same act to be exonerated was years longer than it took for an innocent Black person.

Blacks have been denied the most basic civil privileges because of these racial injustices, making the justice system change the most pressing civil rights problem. Blacks have suffered adverse consequences due to racial injustice and the predominance of blacks in the justice and prison systems, including impediments to reintegration into society and participation. In representative democracy (Caye et al., 2020). A revived, refocused, and new movement for racial justice in America must minimize the racial inequities entrenched in our nation’s criminal-justice policies and procedures.

In conclusion, Blacks continue to be unfairly jailed, patrolled, and condemned to death when likened to their white counterparts. Moreover, inequities in the justice system threaten racial minorities, alienating thousands and depriving millions of individuals of fair access to employment, housing, public benefits, and schooling. Given these inequities, criminal-justice reforms must become the civil rights problem of the twenty-first century. Affirmative action needs to be put in place to do away with any form of racial discrimination for the betterment of society.